Forest ecosystem properties emerge from interactions of structure and disturbance

Forest structural diversity and its spatiotemporal variability are constrained by environmental biological factors, including species pools, climate, land-use history, legacies of disturbance regimes. These factors influence forest responses to disturbances their interactions with diversity, potentially creating structurally mediated emergent properties at local continental spatial scales over evolutionary time. Here, we present a conceptual framework for exploring the that arise from between disturbances. We synthesize definitions key terms, property, disturbance, resilience, highlight various types examples properties, such as (1) composition, (2) frequency intensity, (3) changes communities. Although in ecosystems remain poorly understood, describe foundation study applied management enhance restoration resilience.